Introduction Known as the “Queen Wetland of Kashmir”, the Hokersar Wetland, nestled in the heart of the Kashmir Valley in northern India, stands as a testament to the rich biodiversity and ecological significance of the region. Spread over an expansive area, this wetland sanctuary serves as a crucial habitat for a myriad of bird species, making it a heaven for both migratory and resident birds. Situated approximately 10 kilometers North of Srinagar, the summer capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Hokersar Wetland encompasses an area of around 13.5 square kilometers. The sanctuary is a part of the larger Hokersar Wetland complex, which plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region. It is one of the eight Protected Areas of Wetlands in Jammu and Kashmir under the Department of Wildlife Protection. Hokersar is a revering wetland. It is a Ramsar site and an important area for both resident and migratory waterfowl. The wetland is a permanent eutrophic lake and is surrounded by freshwater marshes on the flood plain of Jhelum River. The landscape of Hokersar is characterized by shallow lakes, marshes, and waterlogged meadows. The sanctuary is primarily fed by the Jhelum River, Doodh Ganga and Sukhnag water channel creating an ideal environment for various avian species.
Flora & Fauna
The wetland is a weedy and extensive morass, bounded by thick willow groves with scattered vegetation. The wetland supports definite type of vegetation ranging from submerged, attached and free floating besides grass, herbs and reeds. These crop fields provide foraging areas for migratory birds. Hokersar is renowned for its diverse avian population, making it a paradise for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts. The sanctuary serves as a crucial wintering ground for numerous migratory birds that escape the harsh cold of the northern hemisphere. It is the abode of 68 waterfowl species like Large Egret, Little Grebe, Greylag Goose, Pintail, Gadwall, Garganey, Wigeon, common Shelduck, Tufted Duck and endangered Common Pochard coming from Siberia, China, Central Asia and Northern Europe.
GREYLAG GOOSE
The migratory birds coming to Hokersar take Central Asian Flyway (CAF) which is a migration route of the water birds. The CAF is a flyway covering large continental area of Europe and Asia covering 30 countries between Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Central Asian Flyway (CAF)
The wetland is not only significant for migratory birds but also supports a variety of resident avifauna. Little Grebe, Grey herons, Kingfishers and various species of ducks are among the residents that can be observed throughout the year.
GREY HERON
Hokersar serves as the feeding ground for over 5 lakh migratory birds coming from October to March. They usually come in different batches and generally are termed as Early Arrivals and Late Arrivals. After spending their time at the Hokersar Wetland, they move towards Northern Europe from March until June for breeding. Apart from birdwatchers and research, Hokersar Bird Sanctuary is a haven for tourists seeking tranquility and a close connection with nature. The best time to visit is during the winter months, from November to March, when migratory birds flock to the sanctuary. Visitors can explore the sanctuary through well-maintained walking trails and observation points. Boating is also available for a unique perspective of the wetland habitat. The serene atmosphere and the cacophony of bird calls create a memorable experience for those who venture into this natural wonder.
Conservation Status Despite its ecological significance, Hokersar Wetland faces numerous threats, primarily due to human activities and climate change. Encroachments, illegal construction, and agricultural expansion are leading to the degradation of the wetland. Pollution from agricultural runoff and solid waste further aggravate the challenges. To monitor the population of the migratory birds, a census by the Department of Wildlife Protection is done every year in the mid-February. It has been found that on an average over 5 lakh migratory birds visit Hokersar Wetland every year.
Conservation Efforts & Future Outlooks Recognizing the ecological importance of Hokersar, efforts have been made to conserve and protect the wetland. The Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Department, in collaboration with environmental organizations and local communities, has implemented measures to ensure the sustainable preservation of this delicate ecosystem. Conservation initiatives include the restriction of human activities within the sanctuary, monitoring water quality, and creating awareness programs to educate the local population about the importance of preserving this natural habitat. Additionally, steps have been taken to address potential threats such as pollution, encroachment and habitat degradation.
Conclusion Hokersar Wetland stands as a testament to the delicate balance between nature and human civilization. Its ecological significance, coupled with the breathtaking beauty of the Kashmir Valley, makes it a must, visit destination for nature lovers. As conservation efforts continue, the sanctuary will hopefully thrive, ensuring that future generations can marvel at the diversity and splendour of the avian life that calls Hokersar home. As we navigate the delicate balance between development and environmental preservation, it is imperative that we recognize the significance of Hokersar and similar wetlands in maintaining the health of our planet.
Maj Deshmukh Ajinkya Vijay is an alumnus of Officer Training Academy, Chennai and was commissioned into 122 Engineer Regiment (The Bombay Sappers) in Sep 2015. The Officer has served along the Northern and Southwestern fronts. The Officer is presently serving in the Kashmir valley in 2nd Rashtriya Rifles.
